Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces (E-Book) von Hans-Jürgen Butt
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1 Introduction.
2 Liquid surfaces.
2.1 Microscopic picture of the liquid surface.
2.2 Surface tension.
2.3 Equation of Young and Laplace.
2.3.1 Curved liquid surfaces.
2.3.2 Derivation of the YoungLaplace equation.
2.3.3 Applying the YoungLaplace equation.
2.4 Techniques to measure the surface tension.
2.5 The Kelvin equation.
2.6 Capillary condensation.
2.7 Nucleation theory.
2.8 Summary.
2.9 Exercises.
3 Thermodynamics of interfaces.
3.1 The surface excess.
3.2 Fundamental thermodynamic relations.
3.2.1 Internal energy and Helmholtz energy.
3.2.2 Equilibrium conditions.
3.2.3 Location of the interface.
3.2.4 Gibbs energy and definition of the surface tension.
3.2.5 Free surface energy, interfacial enthalpy and Gibbs surface energy.
3.3 The surface tension of pure liquids.
3.4 Gibbs adsorption isotherm.
3.4.1 Derivation.
3.4.2 System of two components.
3.4.3 Experimental aspects.
3.4.4 The Marangoni effect.
3.5 Summary.
3.6 Exercises.
4 The electric double layer.
4.1 Introduction.
4.2 PoissonBoltzmann theory of the diffuse double layer.
4.2.1 The PoissonBoltzmann equation.
4.2.2 Planar surfaces.
4.2.3 The full one-dimensional case.
4.2.4 The Grahame equation.
4.2.5 Capacity of the diffuse electric double layer.
4.3 Beyond PoissonBoltzmann theory.
4.3.1 Limitations of the PoissonBoltzmann theory.
4.3.2 The Stern layer.
4.4 The Gibbs free energy of the electric double layer.
4.5 Summary.
4.6 Exercises.
5 Effects at charged interfaces.
5.1 Electrocapillarity.
5.1.1 Theory.
5.1.2 Measurement of electrocapillarity.
5.2 Examples of charged surfaces.
5.2.1 Mercury.
5.2.2 Silver iodide.
5.2.3 Oxides.
5.2.4 Mica.
5.2.5 Semiconductors.
5.3 Measuring surface charge densities.
5.3.1 Potentiometric colloid titration.
5.3.2 Capacitances.
5.4 Electrokinetic phenomena: The zeta potential.
5.4.1 The NavierStokes equation.
5.4.2 Electro-osmosis and streaming potential.
5.4.3 Electrophoresis and sedimentation potential.
5.5 Types of potentials.
5.6 Summary.
5.7 Exercises.
6 Surface forces.
6.1 Vander Waals forces between molecules.
6.2 The van der Waals force between macroscopic solids.
6.2.1 Microscopic approach.
6.2.2 Macroscopic calculationLifshitz theory.
6.2.3 Surface energy and Hamaker constant.
6.3 Concepts for the description of surface forces.
6.3.1 The Derjaguin approximation.
6.3.2 The disjoining pressure.
6.4 Measurement of surface forces.
6.5 The electrostatic double-layer force.
6.5.1 General equations.
6.5.2 Electrostatic interaction between two identical surfaces.
6.5.3 The DLVO theory.
6.6 Beyond DLVO theory.
6.6.1 The solvation force and confined liquids.
6.6.2 Non DLVO forces in an aqueous medium.
6.7 Steric interaction.
6.7.1 Properties of polymers.
6.7.2 Force between polymer coated surfaces.
6.8 Spherical particles in contact.
6.9 Summary.
6.10 Exercises.
7 Contact angle phenomena and wetting.
7.1 Youngs equation.
7.1.1 The contact angle.
7.1.2 Derivation.
7.1.3 The line tension.
7.1.4 Complete wetting
7.2 Important wetting geometries.
7.2.1 Capillary rise.
7.2.2 Particles in the liquidgas interface.
7.2.3 Network of fibres.
7.3 Measurement of the contact angle.
7.3.1 Experimental methods.
7.3.2 Hysteresis in contact angle measurements.
7.3.3 Surface roughness and heterogeneity.
7.4 Theoretical aspects of contact angle phenomena.
7.5 Dynamics of wetting and dewetting.
7.5.1 Wetting.
7.5.2 Dewetting.
7.6 Applications.
7.6.1 Flotation.
7.6.2 Detergency.
7.6.3 Microfluidics.
7.6.4 Adjustable wetting.
7.7 Summary.
7.8 Exercises.
8 Solid surfaces.
8.1 Introduction.
8.2 Description of crystalline surfaces.
8.2.1 The substrate structure.
8.2.2 Surface relaxation and reconstruction.
8.2.3 Description of adsorbate structures.
8.3 Preparation of clean surfaces.
8.4 Thermodynamics of solid surfaces.
8.4.1 Surface stress and surface tension.
8.4.2 Determination of the surface energy.
8.4.3 Surface steps and defects.
8.5 Solidsolid boundaries.
8.6 Microscopy of solid surfaces.
8.6.1 Optical microscopy.
8.6.2 Electron microscopy.
8.6.3 Scanning probe microscopy.
8.7 Diffraction methods.
8.7.1 Diffraction patterns of two-dimensional periodic structures.
8.7.2 Diffraction with electrons, X-rays, and atoms.
8.8 Spectroscopic methods.
8.8.1 Spectroscopy using mainly inner electrons.
8.8.2 Spectroscopy with outer electrons.
8.8.3 Secondary ion mass spectrometry.
8.9 Summary.
8.10 Exercises.
9 Adsorption.
9.1 Introduction.
9.1.1 Definitions.
9.1.2 The adsorption time.
9.1.3 Classification of adsorption isotherms.
9.1.4 Presentation of adsorption isotherms.
9.2 Thermodynamics of adsorption.
9.2.1 Heats of adsorption.
9.2.2 Differential quantities of adsorption and experimental results.
9.3 Adsorption models.
9.3.1 The Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
9.3.2 The Langmuir constant and the Gibbs energy of adsorption.
9.3.3 Langmuir adsorption with lateral interactions.
9.3.4 The BET adsorption isotherm.
9.3.5 Adsorption on heterogeneous surfaces.
9.3.6 The potential theory of Polanyi.
9.4 Experimental aspects of adsorption from the gas phase.
9.4.1 Measurement of adsorption isotherms.
9.4.2 Procedures to measure the specific surface area.
9.4.3 Adsorption on porous solidshysteresis.
9.4.4 Special aspects of chemisorption.
9.5 Adsorption from solution.
9.6 Summary.
9.7 Exercises.
10 Surface modification.
10.1 Introduction.
10.2 Chemical vapor deposition.
10.3 Soft matter deposition.
10.3.1 Self-assembled monolayers.
10.3.2 Physisorption of Polymers.
10.3.3 Polymerization on surfaces.
10.4 Etching techniques.
10.5 Summary.
10.6 Exercises.
11 Friction, lubrication, and wear.
11.1 Friction.
11.1.1 Introduction.
11.1.2 Amontons and Coulombs Law.
11.1.3 Static, kinetic, and stick-slip friction.
11.1.4 Rolling friction.
11.1.5 Friction and adhesion.
11.1.6 Experimental Aspects.
11.1.7 Techniques to measure friction.
11.1.8 Macroscopic friction.
11.1.9 Microscopic friction.
11.2 Lubrication.
11.2.1 Hydrodynamic lubrication.
11.2.2 Boundary lubrication.
11.2.3 Thin film lubrication.
11.2.4 Lubricants.
11.3 Wear.
11.4 Summary.
11.5 Exercises.
12 Surfactants, micelles, emulsions, and foams.
12.1 Surfactants.
12.2 Spherical micelles, cylinders, and bilayers.
12.2.1 The critical micelle concentration.
12.2.2 Influence of temperature.
12.2.3 Thermodynamics of micellization.
12.2.4 Structure of surfactant aggregates.
12.2.5 Biological membranes.
12.3 Macroemulsions.
12.3.1 General properties.
12.3.2 Formation.
12.3.3 Stabilization.
12.3.4 Evolution bandaging.
12.3.5 Coalescence and demulsification.
12.4 Microemulsions.
12.4.1 Size of droplets.
12.4.2 Elastic properties of surfactant films.
12.4.3 Factors influencing the structure of microemulsions.
12.5 Foams.
12.5.1 Classification, application and formation.
12.5.2 Structure of foams.
12.5.3 Soap films.
12.5.4 Evolution of foams.
12.6 Summary.
12.7 Exercises.
13 Thin films on surfaces of liquids.
13.1 Introduction.
13.2 Phases of monomolecular films.
13.3 Experimental techniques to study monolayers.
13.3.1 Optical methods.
13.3.2 X-ray reflection and diffraction.
13.3.3 The surface potential.
13.3.4 Surface elasticity and viscosity.
13.4 LangmuirBlodgett transfer.
13.5 Thick films spreading of one liquid on another.
13.6 Summary.
13.7 Exercises.
14 Solutions to exercises.
Appendix.
A Analysis of diffraction patterns.
A.1 Diffraction at three dimensional crystals.
A.1.1 Bragg condition.
A.1.2 Laue condition.
A.1.3 The reciprocal lattice.
A.1.4 Ewald construction.
A.2 Diffraction at Surfaces.
A.3 Intensity of diffraction peaks.
B Symbols and abbreviations.
Bibliography.
Index.
Following an introduction to the most important techniques and methods, readers will be able to apply simple models to their own scientific problems. Furthermore, manifold high end technological applications are shown together with the basic scientific treatment, for example AFM, surface technology, biotechnology, microelectronics, and biomaterials.
The book is written with advanced students of chemistry, physics, materials science, chemical engineering and related subjects who have a basic knowledge of natural sciences and mathematics in mind. In addition, scientists and engineers who are not yet specialists in surface science but want to learn more about this important subject will equally benefit.
Karlheinz Graf studied chemistry at the universities of Erlangen and Mainz, Germany. After receiving his Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry in 1997, he went as a postdoc to Santa Barbara, California working on physicochemical aspects of myelin and lung surfactant. Back in Mainz he investigated nanostructured lipopolymer films. Scince 2001 he is working on model systems for microsystem technology in the group of Prof. Hans-Jürgen Butt at the Max-Planck-Institut for Polymer Research and the University of Siegen.
Michael Kappl studied physics at the University of Regensburg and the Technical University of Munich. He finished his PhD at the Max-Planck-Institute of Biophysics in Frankfurt/Main in 1996. From 1997 - 1998 he did one and a half years of postdoctoral research at the University of Mainz in the group of Prof. Butt. From 1998-2000 he worked as a IT consultant at Pallas Soft AG, Regensburg. In 2000, he rejoined the group of Prof. Butt at the University of Siegen. Since end of 2002 he is project leader at the MPI for Polymer research in Mainz.
Schlagwörter zu:
Physics and Chemistry of Interfaces von Hans-Jürgen Butt - mit der ISBN: 9783527606405
Chemie; Chemistry; Dünne Schichten, Oberflächen u. Grenzflächen; Festkörperphysik; Grenzfläche; Materials Science; Materialwissenschaften; Oberflächen- u. Kolloidchemie; Oberflächenphysik; Physical Chemistry; Physics; Physics Special Topics; Physik; Physikalische Chemie; Solid State Physics; Spezialthemen Physik; Surface & Colloid Chemistry; Thin Films, Surfaces & Interfaces, Online-Buchhandlung
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