Biomass to Biofuels (E-Book) von Alain A. Vertes

Preface.

Contributors.

PART I STRUCTURE OF THE BIOEVERGY BUSINESS.

1 Characteristics of Biofuels and Renewable Fuel Standards (Alan C. Hansen, Dimitrios C. Kyritsis, and Chia fon F. Lee).

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Molecular Structure.

1.3 Physical Properties.

1.4 Chemical Properties.

1.5 Biofuel Standards.

1.6 Perspective.

References.

2 The Global Demand for Biofuels: Technologies, Markets and Policies(Jürgen Scheffran).

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Motivation and Potential of Renewable Fuels.

2.3 Renewable Fuels in the Transportation Sector.

2.4 Status and Potential of Major Biofuels.

2.5 Biofuel Policies and Markets in Selected Countries.

2.6 Perspective.

References.

3 Biofuel Demand Realization (Stephen R. Hughes and Nasib Qureshi).

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Availability of Renewable Resources to Realize Biofuel Demand.

3.3 Technology Improvements to Enhance Biofuel Production Economics.

3.4 US Regulatory Requirements for Organisms Engineered to Meet Biofuel Demand.

3.5 Perspective.

Acknowledgments.

References.

4 Advanced Biorefineries for the Production of Fuel Ethanol (Stephen R. Hughes, William Gibbons, and Scott Kohl).

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Ethanol Production Plants Using Sugar Feedstocks.

4.3 Dedicated Dry-Grind and Dry-Mill Starch Ethanol Production Plants.

4.4 Dedicated Wet-Mill Starch Ethanol Production Plants.

4.5 Dedicated Cellulosic Ethanol Production Plants.

4.6 Advanced Combined Biorefineries.

4.7 Perspective.

Acknowledgments.

References.

PART II DIESEL FROM BIOMASS.

5 Biomass Liquefaction and Gasification (Nicolaus Dahmen, Edmund Henrich, Andrea Kruse, and Klaus Raffelt).

5.1 Introduction.

5.2 Direct Liquefaction.

5.3 Biosynfuels from Biosyngas.

5.4 Perspective.

References.

6 Diesel from Syngas (Yong-Wang Li, Jian Xu, and Yong Yang).

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Overview of FischerTropsch Synthesis.

6.3 Historical Development of the FischerTropsch Synthesis Process.

6.4 Modern FischerTropsch Synthesis Processes.

6.5 Economics.

6.6 Perspective.

Acknowledgements.

References.

7 Biodiesel from Vegetable Oils (Jon Van Gerpen).

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 Use of Vegetable Oils as Diesel Fuels.

7.3 Renewable Diesel.

7.4 Properties.

7.5 Biodiesel Production.

7.6 Transesteritication.

7.7 Biodiesel Purification.

7.8 Perspective.

References.

8 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds (Michael Huesemann, G. Roesjadi, John Benemann, and F. Blaine Metting).

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Biofuels from Microalgae: Products, Processes, and Limitations.

8.3 Biofuels from Seaweeds: Products, Processes, and Limitations.

8.4 Perspective.

References.

PART III ETHANOL AND BUTANOL.

9 Improvements in Corn to Ethanol Production Technology UsingSaccharomyces cerevisiae (Vijay Singh, David B. Johnston, Kent D. Rausch, and M.E. Tumbleson).

9.1 Introduction.

9.2 Current Industrial Ethanol Production Technology.

9.3 Granular Starch Hydrolysis.

9.4 Corn Fractionation.

9.5 Simultaneous SSF and Distillation.

9.6 Dynamic Control of SSF Processes.

9.7 Cost of Ethanol.

9.8 Perspective.

References.

10 Advanced Technologies for Biomass Hydrolysis and Saccharification Using Novel Enzymes (Margret E. Berg Miller, Jennifer M. Brulc, Edward A. Bayer, Raphael Lamed, Harry J. Flint, and Bryan A. White).

10.1 Introduction.

10.2 The Substrate.

10.3 Glycosyl Hydrolases.

10.4 The Cellulosome Concept.

10.5 New Approaches for the Identification of Novel Glycoside Hydrolases.

10.6 Perspective.

References.

11 Mass Balances and Analytical Methods for Biomass Pretreatment Experiments (Bruce S. Dien).

11.1 Introduction.

11.2 Analysis of Feedstocks for Composition and Potential Ethanol Yield.

11.3 Pretreatment.

11.4 Enzymatic Extraction of Sugars.

11.5 Fermentation of Pretreated Hydrolysates to Ethanol.

11.6 Feedstock and Process Integration.

11.7 Perspective.

Acknowledgments.

References.

12 Biomass Conversion Inhibitors andIn Situ Detoxification (Z. Lewis Liu and Hans P. Blaschek).

12.1 Introduction.

12.2 Inhibitory Compounds Derived from Biomass Pretreatment.

12.3 Inhibitory Effects.

12.4 Removal of Inhibitors.

12.5 Inhibitor-Tolerant Strain Development.

12.6 Inhibitor Conversion Pathways.

12.7 Molecular Mechanisms ofIn Situ Detoxification.

12.8 Perspective.

Acknowledgments.

References.

13 Fuel Ethanol Production From Lignocellulosic Raw Materials Using Recombinant Yeasts (Grant Stanley and Barbel Hahn-Hägerdal).

13.1 Introduction.

13.2 Consolidated Bioprocessing and Ethanol Production.

13.3 Pentose-FermentingS. cerevisiae Strains.

13.4 Lignocellulose Fermentation and Ethanol Inhibition.

13.5 Perspective.

Acknowledgments.

References.

14 Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol by Other Organisms (Siqing Liu).

14.1 Introduction.

14.2 Desired Biocatalysts for Biomass to Bioethanol.

14.3 Gram-Negative Bacteria.

14.4 Gram-Positive Bacteria.

14.5 Perspective.

Acknowledgments.

References.

15 Advanced Fermentation Technologies (Masayuki Inui, Alain A. Vertès and Hideaki Yukawa).

15.1 Introduction.

15.2 Batch Processes.

15.3 Fed-Batch Processes.

15.4 Continuous Processes.

15.5 Immobilized Cell Systems.

15.6 Growth-Arrested Process.

15.7 Integrated Bioprocesses.

15.8 Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP).

15.9 Perspective.

References.

16 Advanced Product Recovery Technologies (Thaddeus C Ezeji and Yebo Li).

16.1 Introduction.

16.2 Membrane Separation.

16.3 Advanced Technologies for Biofuel Recovery: Industrially Relevant Processes.

16.4 Perspective.

Acknowledgments.

References.

17 Clostridia and Process Engineering for Energy Generation (Nasib Qureshi and Hans P. Blaschek).

17.1 Introduction.

17.2 Substrates, Cultures, and Traditional Technologies.

17.3 Agricultural Residues as Substrates for the Future.

17.4 Butanol-Producing Microbial Cultures.

17.5 Regulation of Butanol Production and Microbial Genetics.

17.6 Novel Fermentation Technologies.

17.7 Novel Product Recovery Technologies.

17.8 Fermentation of Lignocellulosic Substrates in Integrated Systems.

17.9 Integrated or Consolidated Processes.

17.10 Perspective.

Acknowledgments.

References.

PART IV: HYDROGEN, METHANE, AND METHANOL.

18 Hydrogen Generation by Microbial Cultures (Anja Hemschemeier, Katrin Müllner, Thilo Rühle, and Thomas Happe).

18.1. Introduction: Why Biological Hydrogen Production?

18.2. Biological Hydrogen Production.

18.3. Metabolic Basics for Hydrogen Production: Fermentation and Photosynthesis.

18.4. H₂ Production in Application: Cases in Point.

18.5. Perspective.

References.

19 Engineering Photosynthesis for H₂ Production from H₂O: Cyanobacteria as Design Organisms (Nadine Waschewski, Gábor Bernát, and Matthias Rögner).

19.1 The Basic Idea: Why Hydrogen from Water?

19.2 Realization: Three Mutually Supporting Strategies.

19.3 The Biological Strategy: How to Design a Hydrogen-Producing (Cyano-) Bacterial Cell.

19.4 Engineering the Environment of the Cells: Reactor Design.

19.5 How Much Can We Expect? The Limit of Natural Systems.

19.6 Perspective.

Acknowledgments.

References.

20 Production and Utilization of Methane Biogas as Renewable Fuel (Zhongtang Yu, Mark Morrison, and Floyd L. Schanbacher).

20.1 Introduction.

20.2 The Microbes and Metabolisms Underpinning Biomethanation.

20.3 Potential Feedstocks Used for Methane Biogas Production.

20.4 Biomethanation Technologies for Production of Methane Biogas.

20.5 Utilization of Methane Biogas as a Fuel.

20.6 Perspective.

20.7 Concluding Remarks.

20.8 Disclaimer.

References.

21 Methanol Production and Utilization (Gregory A. Dolan).

21.1 Introduction.

21.2 Biomass Gasification: Mature and Immature.

21.3 Feedstocks: Diverse and Plentiful.

21.4 Biomethanol: ICEs, FFVs, and FCVs.

21.5 Case Study: Waste Wood Biorefinery.

21.6 Case Study: Two-Step Thermochemical Conversion Process.

21.7 Case Study: Mobile Methanol Machine.

21.8 Case Study: Scandinavia Leading the Way with Black Liquor Methanol Production.

21.9 Case Study: Methanol Fermentation through Anaerobic Digestion.

References.

PART V PERSPECTIVES.

22 Enhancing Primary Raw Materials for Biofuels (Takahisa Hayashi, Rumi Kaida, Nobutaka Mitsuda, Masaru Ohme-Takagi, Nobuyuki Nishikuba, Shin-ichiro Kidou, and Kouki Yoshida).

22.1 Introduction.

22.2 In-Fibril Modification.

22.3 In-Wall Modifications.

22.4 In-Planta Modifications.

22.5 In-CRES-T Modification.

22.6 A Catalogue of Gene Families for Glycan Synthases and Hydrolases.

22.7 Perspective.

Acknowledgments.

References.

23 Axes of Development in Chemical and Process Engineering for Converting Biomass to Energy (Alain A. Vertés).

23.1 Global Outlook.

23.2 Enhancement of Raw Material Biomass.

23.3 Conversion of Biomass to Fuels and Chemicals.

23.4 Chemical Engineering Development.

23.5 Perspective.

References.

24 Financing Strategies for Industrial-Scale Biofuel Production and Technology Development Start-Ups (Alain A. Vertés and Sarit Soccary Ben Yochanan).

24.1 Background: The Financial Environment.

24.2 Biofuels Project: Steps in Value Creation and Required Funding at Each Stage.

24.3 Governmental Incentives to Support the Nascent Biofuel and Biomaterial Industry.

24.4 Perspective: What is the Best Funding Source for Each Step in a Companys Development?

References.

Index.

Dr Alain Vertes is based in the Microbiology Research Group at the Research Institute of Innovative Technology (RIIT) in Kyoto, Japan.? Dr Vertes received his PhD from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and in 2004 received his MBA as a Sloan Fellow from the London Business School.? His industrial experience includes working with Mitsubishi, Eli Lilly and in Nov 2001 he joined RIIT as a Senior Researcher. In May 2002 he was appointed Portfolio Head, Strategic Alliances for Pfizer in France and took up the position of Pharmaceuticals, Director, Strategic Alliances at Pfizer UK in October 2004. In April 2005 he returned to the Research Institute of Innovative Technology in Kyoto where he is a Senior Research working on biotechnology start-ups in the field of energy and chemical production.

Dr Nasib Qureshi received his first Ph.D. in 1985 in Fermentation Technology from Bombay University, and a further Ph.D. in 1997 in Chemical& Biological Engineering from the University of Nebraska. He is currently a chemical engineer in fermentation and biotechnology at the USDA in Peoria, IL, as well as Affiliate Faculty, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL. He has been honored by "Superior Performance Awards" National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (USDA) 2004, 2005, 2006; He has served as Editor for the "World Journal of Microbiology& Biotechnology" in 2006 and has also been an editorial board member for "Journal of Industrial Microbiology& Biotechnology" (2001-present), "World Journal of Microbiology& Biotechnology" (2001-2003), "Energy Sources" (2001-present), and "Renewable Energy" (2001-present). He has published over 90 refereed papers/review articles and five book chapters.

Professor H.P. Blaschek, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois. He obtained his B.Sc. from Rutgers College in 1974, and MSc and PhD in Food Microbiology. He joined the faculty in the Dept of Food Science at the University of Illinois in 1980 as an Assistant Professor and was promoted to Associate Professor in 1986 and full Professor in 1991. He teaches Food and Industrial Microbiology, Advanced Food Microbiology, and Food Microbiology for Non-Majors and ? He is currently a member of the College of ACES Academy of Teaching Excellence and served as secretary to the ACES Executive Committee. He also has served as Panel Manager for the USDA NRI competitive grants program in the Value-added non-foods and biofuels areas.